Beta-cryptoxanthin from plant source and a process for its preparation

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides beta-cryptoxanthin crystals from plant source and a process for its preparation. The present invention particularly relates to a process for the preparation of high purity beta-cryptoxanthin crystals comprising at least about 10% by weight total xanthophylls, of which at least about 75% by weight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin and the remaining including beta-carotene, and trace amounts of trans-capsanthin and other carotenoids derived from the plant source, including capsicum fruits. The production of beta-cryptoxanthin crystals with high content of trans-beta-cryptoxanthin makes it ideal and suitable for use as a provitamin A source material and also has potential effects on improving bone health and inhibiting bone resorption.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to natural beta-cryptoxanthin concentratesof high purity and a process for its preparation. More particularly, thepresent invention provides beta-cryptoxanthin concentrates containingabout 10-80% by weight total xanthophylls (total carotenoids) of whichthe trans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is about 75-98% by weight and theremaining including zeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene andtrace amounts of other carotenoids. The concentrates are particularlyuseful as dietary supplements for nutrition and health promotingbenefits.

The invention also provides a process for the preparation of thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate from plant oleoresin, especially fromCapsicum oleoresin. The process includes the steps of admixing theoleoresin with alcohol solvents, saponifying the xanthophyll esters,washing and purifying by eluting the crude xanthophyll viscousconcentrate on a silica gel column and purifying further by washings toobtain high purity trans-beta cryptoxanthin enriched concentratecrystals.

Background

Carotenoids represent one of the most widespread groups of naturallyoccurring fat-soluble pigments imparting yellow, red and orange color inplants as well as in animals. These absorb light in the 400-500 nmregion of the visible spectrum and have a common chemical feature, apoly-isoprenoid structure, a long conjugated chain of double bonds inthe central portion of the molecule and near symmetry around the centraldouble bond. The basic structure can be modified in a number of wayssuch as by cyclization of the end groups and by introduction of oxygenfunctions (O—H, C═O) to yield a large family of more than 600 compounds,exclusive of cis- and trans-isomers. Mammalian species do not synthesizecarotenoids, and therefore they have to be obtained from dietary sourcessuch as fruits and vegetables and/or dietary supplements.

Carotenoids are classified into hydrocarbon carotenoids, with lycopeneand beta-carotene being the important members, and oxycarotenoids(xanthophylls), to which belongs mono-hydroxylated beta-cryptoxanthinwhile lutein, zeaxanthin and astaxanthin are dihydroxylated. Thebiosynthetic pathway of enzymatic hydroxylation of symmetricalbeta-carotene (beta, beta-carotene) leads to the formation ofbeta-cryptoxanthin (beta,beta-caroten-3-ol) whereas the same reactionstarting from asymmetric alpha-carotene (beta, epsilon-carotene) givesrise to two reaction products, namely: alpha-cryptoxanthin (beta,epsilon-caroten-3-ol) and zeinoxanthin (beta, epsilon-caroten-3-ol).Often, because of the spectral structural similarities betweenalpha-cryptoxanthin and zeinoxanthin, their identification is difficultand misleading unless chemical reactions are carried out such asmethylation or base catalyzed isomerization. Further, the chemicalstructures of these (see FIG. 1) are also given wrongly in manypublications.

Among the 20 carotenoids detected in mammalian plasma and tissues,beta-cryptoxanthin is one of the major carotenoids detected along withlutein, zeaxanthin, beta-carotene and lycopene, together accounting fornearly 90% of the carotenoids. (J. G. Bieri, E. D. Brown and J. C.Smith, Determination of individual carotenoids in human plasma by HPLC,J. Liq. Chromatogr. 8, 473-484, 1985). Beta-cryptoxanthin, a provitaminA, plays an important role in the diet, finally converting in the humanbody into an active form of vitamin A (retinol), a nutrient importantfor vision, immune function, and skin and bone health.Beta-cryptoxanthin has about one half the vitamin A activity of themajor vitamin precursor, beta-carotene. In addition, beta-cryptoxanthinacts as an antioxidant in the body. Wingerath et. al. (1995) studied theuptake of beta-cryptoxanthin after ingestion of tangerine juiceconcentrate rich in beta-cryptoxanthin esters. Beta-cryptoxanthin insubstantial amounts was detected both in human chylomicrons and in serum(T. Wingerath, W. Stahl and H. Sies, Beta-cryptoxanthin selectivelyincreases in human chylomicrons upon ingestion of tangerine concentraterich in beta-cryptoxanthin, Arch. Biochem. and Biophys., 324, 385-390,1995). The bioavailability of the carotenoids from paprika oleoresin hasshown the presence of beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin in higheramounts in chylomicrons compared to zeaxanthin among the volunteers (A.Perez-Galvez, H. D. Martin, H. Sies and W. Stahl, Incorporation ofcarotenoids from paprika oleoresin into human chylomicrons, J.Nutrition, 89, 787-793, 2003). Burri et al. (2011) have reported thatbeta-cryptoxanthin bioavailability seems to be 7-fold greater thanbeta-carotene under similar conditions. Therefore, beta-cryptoxanthincan likely be a valuable and potential source of vitamin A, which needsfurther study and confirmation (B. J. Burri, S. Jasmine, T. Chang and T.R. Neidlinger, Beta-cryptoxanthin- and alpha-carotene-rich foods havegreater apparent bioavailability than beta-carotene-rich foods inWestern diets, Brit. J. Nutrition, 105, 212-219, 2011).

Unlike other carotenoids, beta-cryptoxanthin is not found in most fruitsor vegetables but is present in certain specific foods such as capsicumspecies, citrus fruits, mango, papaya, and pumpkin in small amounts,e.g., at about 10-20 mg/100 g in these fruits and vegetables. Mostly,beta-cryptoxanthin is present in an ester form in paprika and mandarinfruits. Breithaupt and Bamedi (2001) have analyzed a large number offruits and vegetables and reported the beta-cryptoxanthin esterconcentration levels. The highest ester concentrations were found in redchilies (17.1 mg/100 g), tangerine and oranges (Carotenoid esters invegetables and fruits: A screening with emphasis on beta-cryptoxanthinesters, J. Agric. 49, 2064-2070, 2001). Later, Breithaupt et al., in arandomized, single-blind crossover study using a single dose ofesterified or non-esterified beta-cryptoxanthin in equal amounts foundno difference in the resulting plasma response among 12 volunteerssuggesting a comparable bioavailability. (D. E. Breithaupt, P. Weller,M. Wolters and A. Hahn, Plasma response to a single dose of dietaryBeta-cryptoxanthin ester from papaya, Carica papaya, or non-esterifiedbeta-cryptoxanthin in adult human subjects: a comparative study, Brit.J. Nutr. 90, 795-801, 2003). Takayanagi and Mukai (2009) developedbioavailable composition of beta-cryptoxanthin derived from citrusunshiu Marc by using an enzyme process and in combination with dietaryfiber (U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2009/0258111, Highly bioavailable oraladministration composition of cryptoxanthin).

In most of the Western countries and Japan, the dietary source ofbeta-cryptoxanthin comes from citrus fruits and their products andconsequently the plasma beta-cryptoxanthin levels can be considered as agood index of the amount of fruit consumption. Similarly, in fruits suchas papaya widely consumed in many tropical countries (e.g., LatinAmerica), a high correlation of plasma beta-cryptoxanthin has beenreported (M. S. Irwig, A. El-Sohemy, A. Baylin, N. Rifai and H. Campos,Frequent intake of tropical fruits that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthinis associated with higher plasma beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations inCosta Rican adolescents, J. Nutr. 132, 3161-3167, 2002).

The water soluble extract of marine algae extract, specificallySargassum horneri showed an anabolic effect on bone calcification in thefemoral-metaphysical tissue of young and old rats in vivo and in vitro,suggesting its role in the prevention of osteoporosis (Yamaguchi et al.,Effect of marine algae extract on bone calcification in thefemoral-metaphysical tissues of rats: Anabolic effect of Sargassumhorneri, J. Health Sci., 47, 533-538, 2001; Uchiyama and Yamaguchi,Anabolic effect of marine alga Sargassum horneri, Effect on bonecomponents in the femoral-diaphyseal and -metaphyseal tissues of youngand old rats in vivo, J. Health Sci. 48, 325-330, 2002). Later, in astudy of the effects of the various carotenoids, beta-cryptoxanthinshowed a significant increase in calcium content and alkalinephosphatase activity in the femoral-diaphyseal (cortical bone) andfemoral-metaphyseal (trabecular bone) tissues, suggesting thatbeta-cryptoxanthin possesses a unique anabolic effect on bonecalcification in vitro (Yamaguchi and Uchiyama, Effect of carotenoid oncalcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity in rat femoral tissuesin vitro: The unique anabolic effect of beta-cryptoxanthin, Biol.Pharma. Bull. 26, 1188-1191, 2003). In another study, the DNA content inbone tissues was found to increase significantly and showed inhibitoryeffect on bone-resorbing factors-induced bone resorption in rat bonetissues in vitro (Uchiyama et al., Anabolic effect of beta-cryptoxanthinon bone components in the femoral tissues of aged rats in vivo and invitro, J. Health Sci. 50, 491-496, 2004; Yamaguchi and Uchiyama,Beta-cryptoxanthin stimulates bone formation and inhibits boneresorption in tissue culture in vitro, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 258, 137-144,2004).

Thus, beta-cryptoxanthin has a potential role and effect in maintainingbone health and preventing osteoporosis. The various studies carried outby Yamaguchi et al. (2004, 2005, 2006 and 2008), have shown that regulardaily intake of Satsuma mandarin juice (Citrus unshiu) and/orsupplemented with beta-cryptoxanthin (3-6 mg or more/day) has beneficialeffects such as preventive effect on bone loss over age, stimulatoryeffect on bone formation and an inhibitory effect on bone re-absorptionin normal and healthy individuals and in menopausal women (Prolongedintake of juice, Citrus unshiu, reinforced with beta-cryptoxanthin hasan effect on circulating bone biomarkers in normal individuals, J.Health Sci., 50, 619-624, 2004; Relationship between serumbeta-cryptoxanthin and circulating bone metabolic markers in healthyindividuals with the intake of juice (Citrus unshiu) containingbeta-cryptoxanthin. J. Health Sci., 51, 738-743, 2005; Effect ofbeta-cryptoxanthin on circulating bone biomarkers intake of juice(Citrus unshiu) supplemented with beta-cryptoxanthin has effect inmenopausal women, J. Health Sci., 52, 758-768, 2006; Beta-Cryptoxanthinand bone metabolism: The prevention role in osteoporosis, J. HealthSci., 54, 356-369, 2008). Uchiyama and Yamaguchi (2005 & 2006) reportedthat oral administration of beta-cryptoxanthin isolated from Satsumamandarin had a preventive effect in bone loss in streptozotocin(diabetic) and ovariectomized rats in vivo studies (Oral administrationof beta-cryptoxanthin prevents bone loss in streptozotocin rats in vivo,Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 1766-1769, 2005; Oral administration ofbeta-cryptoxanthin prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats, Int. J.Mol. Med. 17, 15-20, 2006). EP Application No. 058060229, Publn. 2007/35(published as EP Publn. EP1825858) refers to a composition comprisingbeta-cryptoxanthin and zinc for promoting osteogenesis, increasing bonemineral content, thereby preventing bone diseases such asosteoarthritis. (M. Yamaguchi, Composition for promoting osteogenesisand increasing bone mineral content). U.S. Pat. No. 8,148,431 B2, Apr.3, 2012, confirm that beta-cryptoxanthin has an osteogenesis promotingeffect, a bone-resorption inhibiting effect and therapeutic effect onbone diseases (M. Yamaguchi, Osteogenesis promoter containingbeta-cryptoxanthin as the active ingredient).

Generally, the different bone and joint disorders such as osteoporosis,osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are common among the elderlypeople and cause a major health problem resulting in bone fracture. Withageing there is a decrease in bone mass and an increase in boneresorption due to various dietary reasons. In recent publications,Yamaguchi has reviewed the recent advances concerning the role ofbeta-cryptoxanthin in the regulation of bone homeostasis and in theprevention of osteoporosis, especially the cellular and molecularmechanisms by which beta-cryptoxanthin stimulates osteoblastic boneformation and inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption (Beta-cryptoxanthinand bone metabolism: The preventive role in osteoporosis, J. HealthSci., 54, 356-369, 2008; Role of carotenoid beta-cryptoxanthin in bonehomeostasis, J. Biomed. Sci., 19, 1-13, 2012).

High levels of dietary intake of beta-cryptoxanthin were found to beassociated with reduced risk of lung cancer among the smokingpopulation, thereby suggesting the xanthophylls as a chemo-preventiveagent for lung cancer (Yuan et al., Dietary cryptoxanthin and reducedrisk of lung cancer: the Singapore Chinese health study, CancerEpidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 12, 890-898, 2003). Craft et al. (2004)found beta-cryptoxanthin in the frontal cortex of brain which isconsidered to be associated with Alzheimer's disease, however explainedno exact role for beta-cryptoxanthin (N. E. Craft, T. B. Haitema, K. M.Garnett, K. A. Fitch and C. K. Dorey, Carotenoids, tocopherol andretinol concentrations in elderly human brain, J. Nutr. Health Ageing,8, 156-162, 2004). A high plasma level of beta-cryptoxanthin has beenlinked to a protective effect against rheumatoid arthritis. Pattison etal. (2005) attributed the incidence of inflammatory arthritis among 88subjects to the low level of dietary intake of beta-cryptoxanthin (D. J.Pattison, D. P. Symmons, M. Lunt, A. Welch, S. A. Bingham, N. E. Day andA. J. Silman, Dietary beta-cryptoxanthin and inflammatory polyarthritis:results from a population based prospective study, Am. J. Clin. Nutri.82, 451-455, 2005). U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2008/0070980 describes amethod of use of beta-cryptoxanthin and its esters in the manufacture ofa composition for providing increased protein formation and/orprevention of loss of proteins in human and animals, resulting inenhanced performance in sports and workout activities (E. Anne, G.Resina, W. Karin and W. Adrian, Use of beta-cryptoxanthin, Mar. 20,2008). In a recent U.S. patent application entitled “Method of improvingcardiovascular health,” there is a finding that a nutritional supplementcontaining purified beta-cryptoxanthin (0.1 to 20 mg/day) is effectivein lowering high blood pressure and also in maintaining a healthy bloodpressure and cardiovascular health. However, the beta-cryptoxanthin usedis purified by analytical HPLC from a mixture of alpha-cryptoxanthin,anhydroluteins, zeaxanthin, and other impurities (U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub.No. 2012/0053247, Publn. 1 Mar. 2012, H. Showalter, Z. Defretas and L.Mortensen).

In view of the increasing research interest in the various healthbenefits of beta-cryptoxanthin, there have been several approaches tocommercially produce this carotenoid (1) from natural sources asextracts rich in beta-cryptoxanthin, (2) by biotechnology routes and (3)by total- and semi-synthesis. The various clinical studies have usedeither synthetic beta-cryptoxanthin or natural fruit extracts rich inbeta-cryptoxanthin.

Natural Source Extracts

Yamaguchi (2006) referred to a method for separating beta-cryptoxanthinfrom Satsuma orange by extracting the pigment using hydrolyzationfollowed by silica gel column chromatography. The beta-cryptoxanthinfraction was further purified by octadecyl silicate silica to obtain 95%beta-cryptoxanthin (M. Yamaguchi, Osteogenesis promoter containingbeta-cryptoxanthin as an active ingredient, U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No.2006/0106115, published 18 May 2006). Takahashi and Inada (2007) haveprepared Persimmon extract from pulp/juice and skin by solventextraction and hydrolysis to liberate beta-cryptoxanthin (free). Theextracts prepared from pulp and skin showed 1 mg/100 g and 8 mg/100 gbeta-cryptoxanthin, respectively, and useful applications in functionalfoods (H. Takahashi and Y. Inada, U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2007/0116818A, published 24 May 2007, Extract containing beta-cryptoxanthin fromPersimmon fruit). Shirakura et. al (2008) and Takayanagi and Mukai(2008) have developed commercial processes for enzyme treated Satsumamandarin (EPSM) and emulsified mandarin extract (EME) containing 0.2 and0.05% beta-cryptoxanthin, respectively. They reported that the extractspossess reduction of visceral fat and plasma glucose in a humancomparative trial designed as placebo-controlled double blind study (Y.S. Hirakura, K. Takayanagi and K. Mukai, Reducing effect ofbeta-cryptoxanthin extracted from Satsuma mandarin on human body fat,Abstract, page 161; K. Takayanang and K. Mukai, Abstract:Beta-cryptoxanthin and Satsuma mandarin: Industrial production andhealth promoting benefits, page, 73, Carotenoid Science, 12 Jun. 2008,Abstracts of the papers presented at the 15^(th) International Symposiumon Carotenoids, Okinawa, Japan, 22-27 Jun. 2008).

Biotechnological Production

Serrato-Joya et al. (2006) have generated beta-cryptoxanthin in alaboratory scale batch production using Flavobacterium lutescens ITC B008 (O. Serrato-Joya, H. Jimenez-Islas, E. Botello-Alvarez, R.Nicomartinez, and J. L. Navarrete-Bolans, Process of beta-cryptoxanthin,a provitamin A precursor by Flavobacterium Lutescens, J. Food Sci. 71,E314-E319, 2006). Louie and Fuerst (2008) disclosed a method forpreparing beta-cryptoxanthin from a microorganism transformed with thebeta-carotene hydroxylase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana by culturingthe transformant and recovering beta-cryptoxanthin (U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub.No. 2008/0124755, published 29 May 2008, Biosynthesis ofbeta-cryptoxanthin in microbial hosts using Arabidopsis thalianabeta-carotene hydroxylase gene). Again, Louie and Fuerst (2009)disclosed a method of beta-cryptoxanthin production by the use oflycopene beta-monocyclase and converting lycopene to beta-cryptoxanthinthrough gamma-carotene and 3-hydroxy-gamma-carotene (M. Y. Louie and E.J. Fuerst, U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2009/093015, published 9 Apr. 2009,Beta-cryptoxanthin production using a novel lycopene beta-monocyclasegene). Hoshino et al. (2006) have disclosed a process for producingzeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin which comprises cultivating arecombinant microorganism expressing beta-carotene hydroxylase gene(Phaffia) under aerobic conditions in aqueous nutrient media andisolating the resulting carotenoids from the cells of the recombinantmicroorganism or from the broth (T. Hoshino, K. Ojima and Y. Setoguchi,U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2006/0121557, published 8 Jun. 2006, Processfor producing zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin).

No microorganism appears able to naturally produce beta-cryptoxanthin asthe final product, and hence fermentation technology is not feasible forcommercial production. Further, in the fermentation processes thecarotenoids produced are low in concentration and as complex mixtures ofproducts, including various added ingredients. Extensive purificationsteps require large amounts of solvents and the generation ofconsiderable amounts of by-products.

Synthetic Production

Khachik and coworkers developed three processes for the preparation ofbeta-cryptoxanthin. Two methods employ lutein or lutein esters as thestarting material and in the presence of acid it is converted into threeforms of anhydroluteins: 3-hydroxy-3′,4′-didehydro-beta-gamma-carotene(I), 3-hydroxy-2′,3′-didehydro-beta-epsilon-carotene (II) and3-hydroxy-3′,-4′-didehydro-beta-beta-carotene (III). The mixture ofanhydroluteins rich in anhydrolutein (III) was subjected to ionichydrogenation in the presence of an acid and chlorinated solvent toproduce alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin. The purified product showed totalcarotenoids 85%, of which beta-cryptoxanthin was 55 to 61%,alpha-cryptoxanthin 18 to 30%, and the remainder 3 to 8% R,R-zeaxanthinand un-reacted anhydroluteins (F. Khachik, U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,786 B2,Oct. 3, 2006, Method for production of beta-cryptoxanthin andalpha-cryptoxanthin from commercially available lutein; F. Khachik, A.N. Chang, A. Gana and E. Mazzola, Partial synthesis of(3R,6′R)-alpha-cryptoxanthin and (3R)-beta-cryptoxanthin from(3R,3′R,6′R)-lutein (J. Nat. Products 70, 220-226, 2007)).

In the second method, the mixture of anhydroluteins were converted toalpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin by catalytic hydrogenation using platinumsupported on alumina. The final product was reddish crystals with totalcarotenoids 60% and the HPLC composition showing beta-cryptoxanthin andalpha-cryptoxanthin in the ratio 3:1, 7:3, or 5:1 and the presence ofun-reacted anhydroluteins I and II and R,R-zeaxanthin.

In the third method, the process is for the synthesis of opticallyactive 3-hydroxy-beta-ionone and transformation to beta-cryptoxanthinusing Wittig coupling reactions. The synthetic approach involvesmultiple step reactions and purifications leading to a mixture ofbeta-cryptoxanthin and R,R-zeaxanthin (F. Khachik and A. N. Chang, U.S.Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2009/0311761, published 17 Dec. 2009, Process forsynthesis of 3(S)- and (3R)-3-hydroxy-beta-ionone and theirtransformation to zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin; Synthesis of (3S)-and (3R)-hydroxy-beta-ionone and their transformation into (3S)- and(3R)-beta-cryptoxanthin, Synthesis 3, 509-516, 2011).

The Present Invention

As demonstrated by the discussion above, prior processes for producingbeta-cryptoxanthin have several limitations. While natural sources ofbeta-cryptoxanthin are available, extracts have thus far been producedonly in enriched form in fruit drinks such as tangerine, Satsuma orangeand persimmon. The use of a biotechnological route for producingbeta-cryptoxanthin is still in preliminary development and has thus farbeen limited to laboratory scale production with poor yields. Thesynthetic approach gives a mixture of beta-cryptoxanthin and aconsiderable amount of impurities such as alpha-cryptoxanthin, which ismost likely zeinoxanthin (a non-provitamin A), along with un-reactedanhydroluteins and zeaxanthin. Applying the processes of Khachik andcoworkers, the separation of beta-cryptoxanthin is complex, involvesmultiple steps and is not commercially feasible. Thus, a need exists fornatural beta-cryptoxanthin concentrates of high purity and a process forproducing the same.

Based on the chemical structure of anhydrolutein II(3-Hydroxy-2′,3′-didehydro-beta,epsilon-carotene), one would expecthydrogenation at 2′,3′-double bond to form zeinoxanthin(beta,epsilon-caroten-3-ol). In addition, one would expect no conversionof zeinoxanthin to beta-cryptoxanthin by alkali isomerization due to theabsence of allylic hydroxyl group. This has been confirmed by phenylcarbinol alkali catalyzed reaction at high temperature (110° C.) ofbeta-cryptoxanthin containing zeinoxanthin 10% (by HPLC), where afterthe resultant product showed no change in HPLC profile compared to thecontrol. In fact, the base catalyzed reaction of so calledalpha-cryptoxanthin failed to arrive at beta-cryptoxanthin (F. Khachik,A. N. Chang, A. Gana and E. Mazzola, Partial synthesis of3(R,6′R)-alpha-cryptoxanthin and (3R)-beta-cryptoxanthin from(3R,3R′,6′R)-lutein, J. Nat. Prod. 70, 220-226, 2007).

Review of the art demonstrates the general unavailability of high puritybeta-cryptoxanthin, produced in appreciable amounts, as a majoringredient derived from natural sources for use as a nutritionalingredient and in dietary supplements. A primary reason for theunavailability of beta-cryptoxanthin from natural sources (particularlyfruits and vegetables) is its low concentration in natural sources,preventing commercialization of this molecule by traditional solventbased extraction procedures. Identifying a source and process to providecommercially available beta-cryptoxanthin concentrates of high puritywould help to meet the need for this product and help establish thepotential health benefits of beta-cryptoxanthin in clinical trials andas dietary supplements. Capsicum extract has a reasonably high contentof beta-cryptoxanthin, but there are many other promising options ofbeta-cryptoxanthin-containing materials. The present invention meets theneed in the art and provides natural beta-cryptoxanthin concentrates ofhigh purity from plant oleoresin, particularly Capsicum oleoresin, and aprocess for its preparation. In addition, these naturalbeta-cryptoxanthin concentrates can be used to provide several healthbenefits, for example in bone loss and osteoporosis.

Bone mass decreases with increasing age. This decrease is due toincreased bone resorption and reduced bone formation. The decrease inbone mass induces osteoporosis (M. Yamaguchi, S. Uchiyama, K. Ishiyama,and K. Hashimoto, Oral Administration in Combination with Zinc EnhancesBeta-cryptoxanthin-Induced Anabolic Effects on Bone Components in theFemoral Tissues of Rats In Vivo, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29(2) 371-374(2006)). Bone homeostasis is maintained through a balance betweenosteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption (M.Yamaguchi, Role of Carotenoid Beta-Cryptoxanthin in Bone Homeostasis,Journal of Biomedical Science 19-36 (2012)). Production of estrogendecreases in menopause causing an imbalance in metabolism (Citrus unshiuextract. Health Ingredient for prevention of osteoporosis healthingredient for whitening and aesthetic ingredient for cosmetic, Productmonograph, Ver.3.0HS by Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co Ltd.).Beta-cryptoxanthin has been found to have a potential anabolic effect onbone due to stimulating osteoblastic bone formation and inhibitingosteoclastic bone resorption. Oral administration of beta-cryptoxanthinmay have a preventive effect on bone loss with increasing age and onosteoporosis. For example, the role of beta-cryptoxanthin obtained froma Capsicum source in strengthening bone and inhibiting bone resorptionis demonstrated in Example 4 below with ovariectomized female wistarrats.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An objective of the present invention is to provide naturalbeta-cryptoxanthin concentrates of high purity, which are safe for humanconsumption and useful for nutrition and health care, including bonehealth, and a process for their preparation from a natural sourcematerial.

In some embodiments the present invention provides a process for theisolation of beta-cryptoxanthin crystals containing at least about 80%by weight of total xanthophylls (total carotenoids) in free form, out ofwhich the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at least about 98.5% byweight, the remaining including trace amounts of zeaxanthin,trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene and other carotenoids derived fromoleoresin and extracts of plant materials such as Capsicum sources.

In some embodiments the present invention provides a process for thepreparation of beta-cryptoxanthin crystals containing at least about 40%by weight of total carotenoids, out which the trans-beta-cryptoxanthinis at least about 90% by weight, the remaining including trace amountsof zeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene and other carotenoidsderived from oleoresin and extracts of plant materials such as Capsicumsources.

In some embodiments the present invention provides a process for thepreparation of beta-cryptoxanthin crystals containing at least about 10%by weight of total carotenoids, out of which thetrans-beta-cryptoxanthin is at least about 75% by weight, the remainingincluding zeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene and traces amountsof other carotenoids derived from oleoresin and extracts of plantmaterials such as Capsicum sources.

In some embodiments the present invention provides a process for thepreparation of beta-cryptoxanthin crystals containing total carotenoidsabout 10 to 80% by weight, out of which the trans-beta-cryptoxanthincontent is in the range of about 75 to 98% by weight, the rest includingzeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene and trace amounts of othercarotenoids derived from a starting material like saponified Capsicumextract.

In certain aspects the present invention provides a simple andconvenient process for the preparation of high purity beta-cryptoxanthinfrom capsicum oleoresin or saponified capsicum extract. In some aspectsthe present invention provides residual solvent-free beta-cryptoxanthincrystals, in which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin forms the major ingredientin the total carotenoids. A feature of the present invention providesrecovery of carotene hydrocarbon fractions rich in beta-carotene fromthe process described herein. In other aspects, the present inventionprovides recovery of a xanthophylls fraction comprising mainlyzeaxanthin and trans-capsanthin having high antioxidant properties.

In some embodiments the process for obtaining the high puritytrans-beta-cryptoxanthin described in the present invention is achievedby:

-   -   saponification of esterified xanthophylls in Capsicum extract,        which results in free xanthophylls and which is purified by        washing with acidified water, followed by drying to obtain a        carotenoid mass;    -   treating the carotenoid mass with non-polar solvent under        stirring, followed by filtration and concentration to obtain a        mass;    -   subjecting the mass to column chromatography using silica gel        and elution using non-polar solvent to remove beta-carotene;    -   eluting the column with non-polar solvent containing about 2%        polar solvent, and obtaining an eluent after concentration of a        concentrate showing about 10% total carotenoids by weight, of        which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin comprises about 75% by weight;    -   treating the above concentrate with ethanol under stirring,        followed by cooling to about 10° C. and filtering to obtain a        semi-purified crystalline mass showing total xanthophylls about        40% by weight, of which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin comprises about        98% by weight; and    -   washing the crystalline mass with hexane containing about 20%        ethyl acetate, cooling to about −10° C. and filtering to obtain        a high purity crystalline material showing about 80% total        xanthophylls by weight, of which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin        comprises about 98.5% by weight.

In some aspects, the present invention provides a process for thepreparation of a beta-cryptoxanthin enriched concentrate from plantmaterial comprising about 10-80% by weight total xanthophylls, of whichabout 75-98% by weight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin, the processcomprising: (a) mixing an oleoresin of plant material comprisingxanthophylls esters with an aliphatic alcoholic solvent; (b) saponifyingthe xanthophylls esters present in the oleoresin with an alkali at anelevated temperature; (c) removing the aliphatic alcoholic solventfollowed by addition of water to obtain a diluted resultant mixture; (d)adding a diluted organic acid to the diluted resultant mixture to form awater layer and a precipitated xanthophylls mass; (e) removing the waterlayer and washing the precipitated xanthophylls mass with a polarsolvent; (f) drying the precipitated xanthophylls mass to obtain a crudexanthophylls mass; (g) washing the crude xanthophylls mass with anon-polar solvent and concentrating the non-polar solvent washings toobtain a concentrated crude xanthophylls mass; (h) transferring theconcentrated crude xanthophylls mass to a silica gel column and washingwith a non-polar solvent; (i) eluting the column with a mixture ofnon-polar and polar solvent and concentrating the elutions to obtain atrans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls concentrate; (j) admixing thetrans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls concentrate with an aliphaticalcohol and then cooling; and (k) filtering and drying thetrans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls concentrate to obtain apurified trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate.

In some embodiments, the xanthophylls esters in the oleoresin of plantmaterial in step (a) are present at about 6-8% by weight. In someembodiments, the aliphatic alcohol of step (a) or (j) is selected fromthe group consisting of ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, andmixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the ratio of oleoresin to alcoholin step (a) ranges from about 1:0.25 to about 1:1 weight/volume. In someembodiments, the alkali of step (b) is selected from the groupconsisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and mixturesthereof. In some embodiments, the ratio of oleoresin to alkali in step(b) ranges from about 1:0.25 to 1:0.5 weight/weight. In someembodiments, the elevated temperature of step (b) ranges from about 75to about 85° C. In some embodiments, the addition of water in step (c)is about 5 times that of the oleoresin (weight/weight). In someembodiments, the diluted organic acid of step (d) is acetic acid orphosphoric acid. In some embodiments, the diluted organic acid of step(d) is a solution of about 20% to about 50% organic acid. In someembodiments, the polar solvent of step (e) is water. In someembodiments, the non-polar solvent of steps (g), (h), and (i) isselected from the group consisting of a hexane, a pentane, a heptane,and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the crude xanthophylls massand non-polar solvent of step (g) are in a ratio of about 1:10 to 1:15weight/volume.

In some embodiments, the concentrated crude xanthophylls mass of step(g) comprises beta-carotene, trans-beta-cryptoxanthin, trans-capsanthin,zeaxanthin, and trace amounts of other carotenoids, such as capsorubinor violaxanthin.

In some embodiments, the concentrated crude xanthophylls mass and thenon-polar solvent of step (h) are in a ratio of about 1:5 to 1:8weight/volume. In some embodiments, a carotene concentrate is obtainedby distilling the non-polar solvent washing of step (h). In furtherembodiments, wherein the carotene concentrate is beta-carotene.

In some embodiments, the polar solvent of step (i) is selected from thegroup consisting of a propanone, a pentanone, and mixtures thereof. Insome embodiments, the non-polar solvent and polar solvent of step (i)are in a ratio of about 95:5 to about 98:2. In some embodiments, thetrans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls concentrate of step (i)comprises at least about 10% by weight of total xanthophylls, of whichtrans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at least about 75% by weight. Insome embodiments, the cooling in step (j) is performed at about 10° C.In some embodiments, the purified trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrateof step (k) comprises at least about 40% by weight of totalxanthophylls, of which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at leastabout 90% by weight.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises a step (l): washingthe purified trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate with a mixture ofnon-polar and ester solvent and cooling for precipitation to obtain highpurity trans-beta-cryptoxanthin crystals. In some embodiments, the highpurity trans-beta-cryptoxanthin crystals of step (l) comprises at leastabout 80% by weight of total xanthophylls, of whichtrans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at least about 98% by weight. Insome embodiments, the ester solvent of step (l) is ethyl acetate and thenon-polar solvent of step (l) is hexane. In some embodiments, thenon-polar solvent and ester solvent of step (l) are in a ratio of about80:20 to about 90:10. In some embodiments, the temperature for coolingin step (l) is about −10° C.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a process for thepreparation of a beta-cryptoxanthin enriched concentrate from plantmaterial comprising at least about 80% by weight total xanthophylls, ofwhich at least about 98% by weight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin, theprocess comprising: (a) mixing an oleoresin of plant material comprisingxanthophylls esters with ethanol, wherein the ratio of oleoresin toethanol is about 1:1 weight/volume; (b) saponifying the xanthophyllsesters present in the oleoresin with potassium hydroxide withoutaddition of water, wherein the ratio of oleoresin to potassium hydroxideis about 1:0.25 weight/weight; (c) applying heat to the oleoresin toelevate the temperature up to reflux at about 80-85° C.; (d) agitatingthe oleoresin for about 3 to 5 hours at about 80-85° C.; (e) evaporatingthe ethanol under vacuum followed by addition of water at about 5 timesthat of the oleoresin (weight/weight) to obtain a diluted resultantmixture and agitating for about 1 hour; (f) neutralizing the dilutedresultant mixture with about 25% acetic acid to form a water layer and aprecipitated xanthophylls mass; (g) separating the water layer from theprecipitated xanthophylls mass and washing the mass with water to removesoaps and other polar soluble materials; (h) drying the precipitatedxanthophylls mass under vacuum to obtain a crude xanthophylls mass; (i)washing the crude xanthophylls mass with about 1:10 hexane(weight/volume) and concentrating the hexane washings to obtain aconcentrated crude xanthophylls mass; (j) transferring the concentratedcrude xanthophylls mass to a silica gel column at a ratio of about 1:5(weight/weight) and eluting with hexane to obtain a carotene fraction;(k) washing the column with about 98:2 hexane to acetone andconcentrating the washings to obtain a trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-richxanthophylls concentrate; (l) admixing the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-richxanthophylls concentrate with about 1:2 ethanol under stirring and thencooling at about 10° C. for about 8 hours; (m) filtering and drying thetrans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls concentrate under vacuum toobtain a purified trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate; and (n) washingthe purified trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate with about 80:20hexane:ethylacetate and cooling to about −10° C. for about 18 hours forprecipitation to obtain high purity trans-beta-cryptoxanthin crystals.

In some embodiments, the total xanthophylls of the processes compriseby-products selected from zeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene,trace amounts of other carotenoids, and any combinations thereof.

In aspects of the invention, the plant material used in the processes orto derive the beta-cyrptoxanthin concentrates is selected from the groupconsisting of fruits, vegetables, and mixtures thereof. In someembodiments, the plant material is from a capsicum.

In aspects of the invention, a beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate isobtained by the processes of the invention.

In certain aspects of the invention, the beta-cryptoxanthin concentrateis in a dosage form selected from beadlets, microencapsulated powders,oil suspensions, liquid dispersions, capsules, pellets, ointments, softgel capsules, tablets, chewable tablets or lotions/liquid preparations.In aspects, the beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is added to acomposition.

In certain aspects, the present invention provides a compositioncomprising beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate derived from plant material,wherein said concentrate comprises at least about 10% by weight totalxanthophylls, of which at least about 75% by weight istrans-beta-cryptoxanthin. In some embodiments, the total xanthophyllscomprise by-products selected from zeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin,beta-carotene, trace amounts of other carotenoids such as capsorubin orviolaxanthin, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, thecomposition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable ingredientor a food grade ingredient.

In some embodiments, the total xanthophylls of the beta-cryptoxanthinconcentrate comprise by-products selected from the group consisting ofzeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene, trace amounts of othercarotenoids such as capsorubin or violaxanthin, and combinationsthereof.

In aspects of the invention, the beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is usedin a dietary supplement for protection against the development ofrheumatoid, inflammatory arthritis.

In certain aspects, the present invention provides methods for treatingindividuals suffering from a condition that can be treated with thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrates of the inventions. In some embodiments,the present invention provides a method for the prophylaxis of thedevelopment of rheumatoid, inflammatory arthritis, or bone diseases,comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate derived from plantmaterial, wherein said concentrate comprises at least about 10% byweight total xanthophylls, of which at least about 75% by weight istrans-beta-cryptoxanthin. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a method for strengthening of bone, comprising administering toa patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of abeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate derived from plant material, wherein saidconcentrate comprises at least about 10% by weight total xanthophylls,of which at least about 75% by weight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin. Insome embodiments, the present invention provides a method for inhibitingbone resorption, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a beta-cryptoxanthin concentratederived from plant material, wherein said concentrate comprises at leastabout 10% by weight total xanthophylls, of which at least about 75% byweight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin. In some embodiments, thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is administered in an amount from about0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 m/kg.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts the chemical structures of alpha-cryptoxanthin,beta-cryptoxanthin and zeinoxanthin.

FIG. 2 is a graph that depicts the Pyridinoline Crosslinks determinationin the sham control, OVX control, and BCX-A, -B, and -C groups.

FIG. 3 is a graph that depicts the bone density determination in thesham control, OVX control, and BCX-A, -B, and -C groups.

FIG. 4 is a graph that depicts the failure load of bone in the shamcontrol, OVX control, and BCX-A, -B, and -C groups.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The product and the process of the present invention is described hereinbelow which is illustrative as shown in the examples and should not beconstrued to limit the scope of the present invention in any mannerwhatsoever.

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, thepresent application including the definitions will control. Also, unlessotherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralitiesand plural terms shall include the singular. All publications, patents,and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference intheir entireties for all purposes.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having,” “contains,” or “containing,” or any othervariation thereof, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a statedinteger or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integeror group of integers. For example, a composition, a mixture, a process,a method, an article, or an apparatus that comprises a list of elementsis not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture,process, method, article, or apparatus.

Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element orcomponent of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regardingthe number of instances, that is, occurrences of the element orcomponent. Therefore, “a” or “an” should be read to include one or atleast one, and the singular word form of the element or component alsoincludes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.

The term “invention” or “present invention” as used herein is anon-limiting term and is not intended to refer to any single embodimentof the particular invention but encompasses all possible embodiments asdescribed in the application.

As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredientor reactant of the invention employed refers to variation in thenumerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typicalmeasuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates orsolutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in theseprocedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity ofthe ingredients employed to make the compositions or to carry out themethods; and the like. The term “about” also encompasses amounts thatdiffer due to different equilibrium conditions for a compositionresulting from a particular initial mixture. For example, depending onthe level of precision of the instrumentation used, standard error basedon the number of samples measured, and rounding error, the term “about”includes, without limitation, ±10%.

Units, prefixes, and symbols are denoted in their Système Internationalde Unites (SI) accepted form. Numeric ranges are inclusive of thenumbers defining the range. The headings provided herein are notlimitations of the various aspects of the disclosure, which can be hadby reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the termsdefined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to thespecification in its entirety.

Beta-Cryptoxanthin Concentrate

The present invention provides a beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate, whichcontains about 10-80% by weight total xanthophylls, of which about75-98% by weight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin, the remaining includingzeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene and trace amounts of othercarotenoids, derived from oleoresin or extract of plant material andwhich is useful for nutrition and health care.

In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises at least about 10% byweight total xanthophylls, of which at least about 75% by weight istrans-beta-cryptoxanthin.

In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises at least about 40% byweight total xanthophylls, of which at least about 90% by weight istrans-beta-cryptoxanthin.

In certain embodiments, the concentrate comprises at least about 80% byweight total xanthophylls, of which at least about 98% by weight istrans-beta-cryptoxanthin.

Natural Sources

The plant material is derived from sources including, but not limitedto, fruits and vegetables. In some embodiments of the invention, theplant material is derived from capsicums. Capsicum is a genus offlowering plants that includes several varieties of peppers, such as butnot limited to red peppers, and the word “capsicum” is also usedinterchangeably in several parts of the world when referring to peppers.The capsicum oleoresin described herein also includes paprika oleoresin.

Dosage and Administration

The beta-cryptoxanthin enriched concentrates of the invention can beformulated in a dosage form including, but not limited to, beadlets,microencapsulated powders, oil suspensions, liquid dispersions,capsules, pellets, ointments, soft gel capsules, tablets, chewabletablets or lotions/liquid preparations. The beta-cryptoxanthin enrichedconcentrates of the invention can also be provided in a food or feed(including liquid or solid) composition. Thus, it is envisioned thatsuitable delivery methods include, but are not limited to, oral,parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal,transdermal, intracranial, or buccal administration.

Compositions comprising the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin enrichedconcentrates of the invention include one or more suitablepharmaceutically acceptable ingredients or food grade ingredients suchas, but not limited to, carriers, binders, stabilizers, excipients,diluents, pH buffers, disintegrators, solubilizers and isotonic agents.

The compositions of the invention may include a “therapeuticallyeffective amount” or a “prophylactically effective amount” of thetrans-beta-cryptoxanthin enriched concentrates. A “therapeuticallyeffective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and forperiods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result,for example in methods of treatment or pharmaceutical compositions foruse in such methods. A therapeutically effective amount may varyaccording to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight ofthe individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in whichany toxic or detrimental effects of the composition are outweighed bythe therapeutically beneficial effects. A “prophylactically effectiveamount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods oftime necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic or preventiveresult. Typically, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects priorto or at an earlier stage of disease or a condition requiring treatmentis identified, the prophylactically effective amount will be less thanthe therapeutically effective amount.

Dosage amounts useful for administering the trans-beta-cryptoxanthinenriched concentrates of the invention can range, e.g., from about0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 1.0mg/kg, and more usually from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.5 mg/kg, fromabout 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.1 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.05mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.025 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kgto about 0.2 mg/kg, or from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, fromabout 0.05 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg, or from about 0.05 mg/kg to about0.1 mg/kg of the host body weight. For example dosages can be about0.005 mg/kg body weight, about 0.01 mg/kg body weight, about 0.05 mg/kgbody weight, about 0.1 mg/kg body weight, about 1.0 mg/kg body weight,or about 10 mg/kg body weight or within the range of about 0.001-1.0mg/kg, preferably at least 0.005 mg/kg. Doses intermediate in the aboveranges are also intended to be within the scope of the invention (e.g.,about 0.002 mg/kg, about 0.025 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg, about 0.075mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg, about 0.2 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg, etc.). Subjectscan take doses daily or be administered such doses daily, on alternativedays, weekly or according to any other schedule determined by empiricalanalysis. An exemplary treatment entails administration in multipledosages over a prolonged period, for example, of at least six months.

Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response(e.g., a therapeutic or prophylactic response). For example, a singlebolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administeredover time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased asindicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It isespecially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosageunit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage unit formas used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitarydosages for the mammalian subjects to be treated, each unit containing apredetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce thedesired therapeutic effect in association with the requiredpharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms ofthe invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the uniquecharacteristics of the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin enriched concentrates ofthe invention and the particular therapeutic or prophylactic effect tobe achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compoundingsuch trans-beta-cryptoxanthin enriched concentrates of the invention fortreatment sensitivity in mammalian subjects. The individuals ormammalian subjects of the invention can include both human and animalsubjects including domestic animals, pets, and farm-raised fish.

Processes

The present invention provides a process for the preparation ofbeta-cryptoxanthin enriched concentrate from plant material comprisingabout 10-80% by weight total xanthophylls, of which about 75-98% byweight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin, the remaining including zeaxanthin,trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene and trace amounts of other carotenoids,suitable for human consumption as nutritional supplements, the processcomprising:

-   -   a) Mixing xanthophylls esters in an oleoresin with an aliphatic        alcohol solvent;    -   b) Saponifying the xanthophylls esters present in the oleoresin        of plant material with an alkali at an elevated temperature;    -   c) Removing the aliphatic alcoholic solvent followed by addition        of water to get diluted resultant mixture;    -   d) Adding a diluted organic acid to the diluted resultant        mixture to form a water layer and a precipitated xanthophylls        mass;    -   e) Removing the water layer and washing the precipitated        xanthophylls mass with a polar solvent;    -   f) Drying the precipitated xanthophylls mass to obtain a crude        xanthophylls mass;    -   g) Washing the crude xanthophylls mass with a non-polar solvent        and concentrating the non-polar solvent washings to get a        concentrated crude xanthophylls mass;    -   h) Transferring the concentrated crude xanthophylls mass to a        silica gel column and washing with a non-polar solvent;    -   i) Eluting the column with a mixture of non-polar and polar        solvent and concentrating the elutions to obtain a        trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls concentrate;    -   j) Admixing the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich concentrate with        an aliphatic alcohol and then cooling; and    -   k) Filtering and drying the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich        xanthophylls concentrate to obtain a purified        trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate.

In certain embodiments, the xanthophylls esters in the oleoresin ofplant material are present at about 2-12% by weight, about 4-10% byweight, or about 6-8% by weight.

In certain embodiments, the aliphatic alcohol comprises a hydrocarbonfragment derived from a fatty, nonaromatic hydrocarbon and is selectedfrom the group consisting of ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, andmixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the aliphatic alcohol is ethanol.

In certain embodiments, the ratio of oleoresin to alcohol ranges fromabout 1:0.25 to about 1:1 weight/volume. In some embodiments, the ratiois about 1:1, about 1:0.75, or about 1:50.

In certain embodiments, the alkali is a soluble hydroxide of the alkalimetals, including lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or cesium, andis selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the alkali issodium hydroxide. In other embodiments, the alkali is potassiumhydroxide.

In certain embodiments, the ratio of oleoresin to alkali ranges fromabout 1:0.25 to about 1:0.5 weight/weight. In some embodiments, theratio is about 1:0.25.

In certain embodiments, the elevated temperature for saponification isabove room temperature. In some embodiments, the elevated temperatureranges from about 65 to about 95° C., about 70 to about 90° C. about 75to about 85° C., from about 75 to about 80° C., or from about 80 toabout 85° C.

In certain embodiments, the water added to form the diluted resultantmixture in step (c) above is about 2 to about 10 times, about 3 to about9 times, about 4 to about 8 times, or about 5 to about 7 times that ofthe oleoresin (weight/weight). In some embodiments the water added isabout 4 times, about 5 times, or about 6 times that of the oleoresin(weight/weight). In some embodiments, the water added is about 5 timesthat of the oleoresin (weight/weight).

In certain embodiments, the diluted organic acid used in the process isacetic acid or phosphoric acid. In certain embodiments, the dilutedorganic acid is a solution of about 20% to about 50% of organic acid. Insome embodiments, the diluted organic acid is about 20% to about 30%,about 30% to about 40%, about 40% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%,about 30% to about 50% of organic acid. In some embodiments, the dilutedorganic acid is about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%,about 45%, or about 50% of organic acid.

In certain embodiments, the polar solvent used to wash the precipitatedxanthophylls mass is water.

In certain embodiments, the non-polar solvent used in the process isselected from the group consisting of a hexane, a pentane, a heptane,and mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the crude xanthophylls mass and the non-polarsolvent are in a ratio of about 1:5 to about 1:20 weight/volume, about7.5 to about 17.5 weight/volume, or about 1:10 to about 1:15weight/volume.

In certain embodiments, the concentrated crude xanthophylls mass and thenon-polar solvent are in a ratio of about 1:2 to about 1:14weight/volume, about 1:3 to about 1:12 weight/volume, about 1:4 to about1:10 weight/volume, or about 1:5 to about 1:8 weight/volume.

In certain embodiments, a carotene concentrate is obtained by distillingthe non-polar solvent washing in step (h) above. In certain embodiments,the carotene concentrate is beta-carotene.

In certain embodiments, the polar solvent used in the process isselected from the group consisting of a propanone, a pentanone, andmixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the non-polar solvent and polar solvent in step(i) above are in a ratio of about 90:10 to about 99:1, about 92.5 toabout 99:1, about 94:6 to about 98:2, or about 95:5 to about 98:2(volume/volume).

In certain embodiments, the temperature used to cool thetrans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls concentrate is from about 5°C. to about 15° C. or about 7.5° C. to about 12.5° C. In someembodiments, the temperature is about 7° C., about 8° C., about 9° C.,about 10° C., about 11° C., or about 12° C.

In certain embodiments, the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophyllsconcentrate comprises at least about 10% by weight of totalxanthophylls, of which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at leastabout 75% by weight.

In certain embodiments, the purified trans-beta-cryptoxanthinconcentrate comprises at least about 40% by weight of totalxanthophylls, of which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at leastabout 90% by weight.

In certain embodiments, the process above further comprises a step (l):washing the purified trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate with a mixtureof non-polar and ester solvent and cooling for precipitation to obtainhigh purity trans-beta-cryptoxanthin crystals.

In certain embodiments, the high purity trans-beta-cryptoxanthincrystals of step (l) comprises at least about 80% by weight of totalxanthophylls, of which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at leastabout 98% by weight.

In certain embodiments, the ester solvent of step (l) is ethyl acetateand the non-polar solvent of step (l) is hexane.

In certain embodiments, the non-polar solvent and ester solvent of step(l) are in a ratio of about 70:30 to about 90:10, about 80:20 to about90:10, about 75:25 to about 95:5, or about 85:15 to about 95:5(volume/volume).

In certain embodiments, the temperature for cooling in step (l) above isfrom about −5° C. to about −15° C. or about −7.5° C. to about −12.5° C.In some embodiments, the temperature for cooling in step (l) above isabout −7° C., about −8° C., about −9° C., about −10° C., about −11° C.,about −12° C.

In certain embodiments, the total xanthophylls comprise by-productsselected from zeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene, trace amountsof other carotenoids, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments,the trace amounts of other carotenoids include capsorubin orviolaxanthin.

In certain embodiments, the plant material is selected from the groupconsisting of fruits, vegetables, and mixtures thereof. In someembodiments, the plant material is from a capsicum.

In certain embodiments, the solvent used in the process is removed bymethods including, but not limited to, evaporation under vacuum. Incertain embodiments, the saponification of the xanthophylls esters iscarried out for at least 2 hours with agitation. In some embodiments,the saponification is carried out for about 2 to about 20 hours, about 2to about 15 hours, about 2 to about 10 hours, about 3 to about 8 hours,about 3 to about 6 hours, or about 3 to 5 hours.

In some embodiments, the non-polar hydrocarbon solvent used in theprocess is hexane or mixture of low boiling hydrocarbons, such aspentane or heptane. In some embodiments, the aliphatic alcohol selectedfor saponification is ethanol and the alkali used is selected fromsodium or potassium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the silica gel column containing xanthophyllsconcentrate is eluted with non-polar solvent to remove the carotenes toobtain beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate.

In some embodiments, the process comprises further washing the columnswith non-polar:polar solvent and concentrating the washing results inbeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate comprising about 10% by weight totalxanthophylls out of which trans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at leastabout 75% by weight and the remaining being beta-carotene,trans-capsanthin, zeaxanthin and traces of other carotenoids. Thepurified beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate comprises at least about 40% byweight of total xanthophylls out of which trans-beta-cryptoxanthincontent is at least about 90% by weight and the high puritybeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate obtained by washing the purifiedbeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate with a mixture of non-polar:ester solventand cooling for precipitation results in a concentrate which comprisesat least about 80% by weight of total xanthophylls out of whichtrans-beta-cryptoxanthin content is at least about 98% by weight, therest being beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin and traces ofother carotenoids.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides for the preparation ofa beta-cryptoxanthin enriched concentrate from plant material comprisingat least about 80% by weight total xanthophylls, of which at least about98% by weight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin, the process comprising:

-   -   (a) mixing an oleoresin of plant material comprising        xanthophylls esters with ethanol, wherein the ratio of oleoresin        to ethanol is about 1:1 weight/volume;    -   (b) saponifying the xanthophylls esters present in the oleoresin        with potassium hydroxide without addition of water, wherein the        ratio of oleoresin to potassium hydroxide is about 1:0.25        weight/weight;    -   (c) applying heat to the oleoresin to elevate the temperature up        to reflux at about 80-85° C.;    -   (d) agitating the oleoresin for about 3 to 5 hours at about        80-85° C.;    -   (e) evaporating the ethanol under vacuum followed by addition of        water at about 5 times that of the oleoresin (weight/weight) to        obtain a diluted resultant mixture and agitating for about 1        hour;    -   (f) neutralizing the diluted resultant mixture with about 25%        acetic acid to form a water layer and a precipitated        xanthophylls mass;    -   (g) separating the water layer from the precipitated        xanthophylls mass and washing the mass with water to remove        soaps and other polar soluble materials;    -   (h) drying the precipitated xanthophylls mass under vacuum to        obtain a crude xanthophylls mass;    -   (i) washing the crude xanthophylls mass with about 1:10 hexane        (weight/volume) and concentrating the hexane washings to obtain        a concentrated crude xanthophylls mass;    -   (j) transferring the concentrated crude xanthophylls mass to a        silica gel column at a ratio of about 1:5 (weight/weight) and        eluting with hexane to obtain a carotene fraction;    -   (k) washing the column with about 98:2 hexane to acetone and        concentrating the washings to obtain a        trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls concentrate;    -   (l) admixing the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich xanthophylls        concentrate with about 1:2 ethanol under stirring and then        cooling at about 10° C. for about 8 hours;    -   (m) filtering and drying the trans-beta-cryptoxanthin-rich        xanthophylls concentrate under vacuum to obtain a purified        trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate; and    -   (n) washing the purified trans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate        with about 80:20 hexane:ethylacetate and cooling to about        −10° C. for about 18 hours for precipitation to obtain high        purity trans-beta-cryptoxanthin crystals.

The process by-products include beta-carotene, trans-capsanthin,zeaxanthin or mixtures thereof.

A novel feature of the present process is the preparation of high puritytrans-beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate crystals from a natural source suchas capsicum extract, which has not been reported in the art.

The following examples are given by the way of illustration of thepresent invention and therefore should not be construed to limit thescope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A weighed quantity of 100 g of Paprika oleoresin containing 7.72% totalxanthophylls and a color value of 1,23,515 units (HPLC profile of theoleoresin: beta-15.36% carotene; 10% trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 7.6%zeaxanthin; and 31.50% trans-capsanthin) was mixed with 100 ml ethanoland 25 g potassium hydroxide pellet. The reaction mixture was heated toa temperature of 80-85° C. with stirring. This saponification processwas maintained for 3-5 hours at 80-85° C. with gentle agitation. Thereaction mixture was cooled, and then ethanol was distilled out from themass. A measured volume of water (700 ml) was added to the reactionmixture and agitated for 1 hour. The solution was neutralized with 25%acetic acid solution. The water layer from the mass was separated, andthe mass was washed thrice with water. The mass was collected and driedunder vacuum. The saponifed mass concentrate obtained was 124 g with atotal xanthophylls content of 3.73% by weight (HPLC profile of thesaponifed mass concentrate: 22.53% beta-carotene; 12.32%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 11% zeaxanthin; and 29.3% trans-capsanthin).

The saponified mass concentrate was washed two times with 1:10 hexane(wt/vol) at room temperature under stirring, filtered, and the combinedfiltrate concentrated to obtain a concentrated crude xanthophylls mass.The concentrated crude xanthophylls mass (hexane concentrate) obtainedwas 72 g with a total xanthophylls content of 3.2% (HPLC profile of theconcentrated crude xanthophylls mass: 39.01% beta-carotene; 21.78%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 5.70% zeaxanthin; and 9.86% trans-capsanthin).

The residue (saponified xanthophylls) remaining after hexane wash was 22g, which on analysis showed a total xanthophylls content of 10% (HPLCprofile of the residue: 0.7% beta-carotene; 3.43%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 15.32% zeaxanthin; and 52.84%trans-capsanthin).

The hexane concentrate was dissolved in a minimum amount of hexane andsubjected to column chromatographic separation. The column was packedwith 1:5 concentrate to Silica 100-200 mesh (wt/wt). The column waswashed with hexane, and the separated band was collected andconcentrated (yield 55 g with a total xanthophylls content of 2.3%, HPLCprofile: 99.8% beta-carotene). The column was then eluted with 98:2hexane:acetone (v/v), and the eluent collected and concentrated. Thisconcentrate layer was enriched with beta-cryptoxanthin (yield 5.2 g witha total xanthophylls content of 10.26%, HPLC profile: 75.56%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin). Finally, the column was washed with acetoneand the washings concentrated to obtain trans-capsanthin enrichedresidue.

Example 2

A quantity of approximately 100 g of Paprika oleoresin containing 6.50%total xanthophylls and a color value of 1,05,457 units (HPLC profile ofthe oleoresin: 15.73% beta-carotene; 9.07% trans-beta-cryptoxanthin;10.54% zeaxanthin and 31.38% trans-capsanthin) was mixed with 100 mlethanol and 25 g potassium hydroxide pellet. The reaction mixture washeated to a temperature of 80-85° C. with stirring. This saponificationprocess was maintained for 3-5 hours at 80-85° C. with gentle agitation.The reaction mixture was cooled, and then ethanol was distilled out fromthe mass. A measured volume of water (700 ml) was added to the reactionmixture and agitated for 1 hour. The solution was neutralized with 40%acetic acid solution. The water layer from the mass was separated, andthe mass was washed thrice with water. The mass was collected and driedunder vacuum. The saponified mass concentrate obtained was 126 g with atotal xanthophylls content of 3.73% by weight (HPLC profile of thesaponified mass concentrate: 16.34% beta-carotene; 9.41%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 8.57% zeaxanthin; and 24.35%trans-capsanthin).

The saponified mass concentrate was washed two times with 1:10 hexane(wt/vol) at room temperature under stirring, filtered, and the combinedfiltrate concentrated to obtain a concentrated crude xanthophylls mass.The concentrated crude xanthophylls mass (hexane concentrate) obtainedwas 76.15 g with a total xanthophylls content of 3.26% (HPLC profile ofthe concentrated crude xanthophylls mass: 31.80% beta-carotene; 14.04%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 4.35% zeaxanthin; and 8.70% trans-capsanthin).

The residue (saponified xanthophylls) remaining after hexane wash was 16g, which on analysis showed a total xanthophylls content of 11% (HPLCanalysis of the residue: 1.22% beta-carotene; 0.75%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 33.29% zeaxanthin; and 29.99%trans-capsanthin).

The hexane concentrate was dissolved in a minimum amount of hexane andsubjected to column chromatographic separation. The column was packedwith 1:5 concentrate to Silica 100-200 mesh (wt/wt), eluted with hexane,and the first band separated was collected and concentrated (yield 54.72g with a total xanthophylls content of 1.08%, HPLC profile: 85.88%beta-carotene). The column was then eluted with 98:2 hexane:acetone(v/v) collecting the eluent fraction and concentrated. This fraction wasenriched with beta-cryptoxanthin, yielding 4.02 g with a totalxanthophylls content of 9% (HPLC profile of the enrichedbeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate: 76.04% trans-beta-cryptoxanthin).Finally the column was washed with acetone.

The 4.02 g fraction concentrate was stirred with 1:2 ethanol (wt/vol)for 1 hr, chilled for 8 hrs at 10° C., filtered, and the precipitatedried under vacuum. The yield obtained was 0.42 g crystallineprecipitate with a total xanthophylls content of 42.45%. The HPLCprofile of the crystalline precipitate showed 98.3%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin.

Example 3

A weighed quantity of Paprika oleoresin (100 g) containing 6-8% byweight total xanthophylls and a color value of 1,00,000 units (HPLCprofile of the oleoresin: 15.36% beta-carotene; 10%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 7.6% zeaxanthin; and 31.50% trans-capsanthin)was mixed with 100 ml ethanol and 25 g potassium hydroxide pellet. Thereaction mixture was heated to a temperature of 80-85° C. with stirring.This saponification process was maintained for 3-5 hours at 80-85° C.with gentle agitation. The reaction mixture was cooled and then ethanolwas distilled off from the mass under vacuum. A measured volume of water(700 ml) was added to the reaction mixture and agitated for 1 hour. Thesolution was neutralized with 25% acetic acid solution. The water layerfrom the mass was removed, and the mass was washed thrice with water.The mass was collected and dried under vacuum. The saponified massconcentrate obtained was 121.75 g with a total xanthophylls content of4.92% by wt (HPLC profile of the saponified mass concentrate: 21.76%beta-carotene; 12.74% trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 10.13% zeaxanthin; and38.25% trans-capsanthin).

The saponified mass concentrate was washed two times with 1:10 hexane(wt/vol) at room temperature under stirring, filtered, and the combinedfiltrate concentrated to get a concentrated crude xanthophylls mass. Theconcentrated crude xanthophylls mass (hexane concentrate) obtained was85.81 g with a total xanthophylls content of 3.21% by wt (HPLC profileof the concentrated crude xanthophylls mass: 35.28% beta-carotene;19.65% trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 3.99% zeaxanthin; and 13.88%trans-capsanthin).

The residue (saponified xanthophylls) remaining after hexane wash was25.65 g, which on analysis showed a total xanthophylls content of 10.42%by wt (HPLC analysis of the residue: 0.7% beta-carotene; 1.24%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin; 18.98% zeaxanthin; and 52.32%trans-capsanthin.

The hexane concentrate was dissolved in minimum amount of hexane andsubjected to column chromatographic separation. The column was packedwith 1:5 concentrate to Silica gel 100-200 mesh (wt/wt), eluted with 5-8volumes of hexane, and the first band separated was eluted andconcentrated (yield 55 g with a total xanthophylls content of 2.29% wt,HPLC profile: 99% beta-carotene). The column was then eluted with 98:2hexane:acetone (vol/vol) collecting the eluent fraction andconcentrated. This concentrate was enriched with beta-cryptoxanthin,yielding 9.06 g with a total xanthophylls content of 6.12% by wt (HPLCprofile of the enriched beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate: 71.80%trans-beta-cryptoxanthin). Finally the column was eluted with acetone.

The 9.06 g beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate was stirred with 1:2 ethanol(wt/vol) for 1 hr, chilled for 8 hours at 10° C., filtered, and theprecipitate dried under vacuum. The yield obtained was 0.5 g with atotal xanthophylls content of 42.35% by wt. The HPLC profile of thecrystal showed 98.3% trans-beta-cryptoxanthin content.

The 0.5 g beta-cryptoxanthin precipitate was dissolved in a minimumamount of 80:20 hexane:ethylacetate (vol/vol) and chilled for 18 hrs at−10° C., filtered, and the precipitate dried under vacuum. The yieldobtained was 0.03 g with a total xanthophylls content of 80% and HPLCprofile for trans-beta-cryptoxanthin of 98.50%.

Example 4

Anti-resorptive property of β-Cryptoxanthin and its effect on bonemechanical strength

Description of Test Materials:

Total Xanthophyll Samples content Source BCX-A 80.3% Obtained throughMarigold oleoresin BCX-B 0.793%  Obtained through Orange fruits BCX-C  10%* Obtained through Paprika oleoresin *For experimental purpose thesample was diluted to 1%.

Test System:

Wistar rats of age between 8 to 10 weeks and weighing between 180-230gm.

Housing of Animals:

Animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals in each group. Each cagewas labeled with the name of group, protocol number, species/strain andsex of animal. The total number of cages used was 10 for 30 animals.Each cage housed three animals at the temperature (25° C.±2) and 50-70%relative humidity with 12 h light/dark cycle. All the animals had freeaccess to water. Rice husk was used as bedding in the cages. The cageswere cleaned on daily basis.

Bilateral Ovariectomy Procedure:

All surgical instruments were sterilized before use. The dorsal skin ofrat was shaved and disinfected using Povidone iodine solution.Ovariectomy was performed by two dorso-lateral incisions, approximately1 cm long above the ovaries. With the use of a sharp dissectingscissors, skin cut was made almost together with the dorsal muscles toaccess peritoneal cavity. The ovary was found surrounded by a variableamount of fat. Blood vessels were ligated to prevent blood loss. Theconnection between the fallopian tube and the uterine horn was cut andthe ovary was moved out and three single catgut stitches were placed onthe skin.

Grouping:

No. of GROUP TREATMENT Dose Animals Group-1 Sham Control (Corn oil) 0.5ml/100 g  6 Group-2 Ovariectomized control — 6 (OVX control) Group-3OVX + β Cryptoxanthin (BCX-A) 20 μg/100 g 6 Group-4 OVX + βCryptoxanthin (BCX-B) 20 μg/100 g 6 Group-5 OVX + β Cryptoxanthin(BCX-C) 20 μg/100 g 6

Study Procedure:

Rats from Group 1 were operated for sham surgery under Ketamine (70mg/kg)+Xylazine (10 mg/kg) (intra peritoneal) anesthesia. Rats fromGroups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were operated for bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) underKetamine+Xylazine (i.p.) anesthesia. The OVX-operated animals were fedwith standard commercial laboratory chow amounts matched with the Shamoperated group. The operated animals were housed individually and wereallowed to recover for 2 weeks.

Test compounds were dissolved in corn oil. Concentrations of 20 μg/100 gof body weights were administered orally to rats in respective groupsthrough oral gavage needle once daily for 3 weeks. Control rats receivedcorn oil (0.5 ml/100 g of body weight) orally.

On last day of treatment, urine samples were collected by micturationinduced by manual pressure from overnight fasted animals and preservedat −20° C. till further analysis.

Statistical Analysis:

All results were analyzed using One Way ANOVA followed by Dunnett'smultiple comparison test. Considering confidence interval of P<0.05.

Estimation of Bone Collagen Metabolite (Pyridinoline Crosslinks) inUrine:

Pyridinoline Crosslinks are the bone collagen metabolites which appearin urine when the bone resorption process is accelerated and isconsidered as an early important marker of osteoporosis.

OVX control animals showed significant increase in PyridinolineCrosslinks in urine which confirms the successful induction ofosteoporosis after ovariectomy procedure. BCX-C treatment moderatelyreduced the urinary excretion of Pyridinoline Crosslinks to aconsiderable extent, as did BCX-A and BCX-B, as shown below in TableNo. 1. This confirms the therapeutic utility of BCX treatment inestrogen deficiency related osteoporosis.

TABLE NO. 1 Pyridinoline Crosslinks Determination PyridinolineCrosslinks (nmol/mmol of Creatinine) Sham Control OVX control BCX-ABCX-B BCX-C 17.15 17.64 6.71 10.27 14.48 1.89 21.69 9.80 9.64 15.6429.71 22.31 10.52 10.04 16.87 33.50 14.68 12.15 10.80 10.26 4.40 14.7934.37 24.17 13.77 1.50 13.97 12.19 23.12 24.62 Mean = 14.69 17.51 14.2914.68 15.94

Determination of Bone (Femur) Density:

Cessation of the ovarian function in humans leads to increase in boneturnover, a negative bone balance, and a net decrease in bone density;these changes are also evident in surgically ovariectomized rats.

A significant OVX induced decrease in bone density was observed in Group2. BCX-A, BCX-B and BCX-C treatment prevented OVX associated decrease inbone density. BCX-C showed better activity than BCX-A and BCX-B inpreventing OVX induced loss of bone density as shown below in Table No.2.

TABLE NO. 2 Bone Density Determination Bone Density (g/cm3) Sham ControlOVX control BCX-A BCX-B BCX-C 1.253 1.121 1.173 1.1858 1.1902 1.1861.131 1.178 1.0669 1.2437 1.169 1.167 1.175 1.1785 1.2065 1.208 1.1311.186 1.1893 1.1593 1.230 1.162 1.141 1.0782 1.1965 1.205 1.130 1.1711.2490 1.1978 Mean ± SD = 1.140 ± 1.171 ± 1.157 ± 1.198 ± 1.209 ± 0.0300.019 0.015 0.070 0.027

The results obtained from the above experiments confirm thatbeta-cryptoxanthin obtained from Paprika source (BCX-C) shows betteranti-resorptive property than beta-cryptoxanthin obtained from Marigoldand Orange source.

Determination of Ultimate Failure Load of Bones (Tibiae):

Bone fragility can be defined broadly as the susceptibility to fracture.One function of bones is to carry loads. Fractures occur when loadsexceed the bone strength, so weakened bones should be consideredfragile. During traumatic loading, such as falling on the ground,fracture will occur if the energy from the fall exceeds the mechanicalenergy that the bone can absorb. Osteoporotic bones absorb very littleenergy before breaking (failure load) and are therefore more susceptibleto fracture resulting from trauma. In this study, the failure load wasmeasured using Three Point Bending test.

In ovariectomized animals there was significant decrease in maximal loadvalues for tibial mid shaft indicating the significant loss ofcancellous bone. From the results given below in Table No. 3 it isevident that, BCX-C treatment significantly prevented the loss ofmechanical strength of cancellous bone.

TABLE NO. 3 Determination of Failure Load of Bone Failure load (N) ShamControl OVX control BCX-A BCX-B BCX-C 77.14 45.47 51.9 59.63 66.66 69.8943.22 65.25 56.91 57.00 58.33 54.11 53.41 59.77 65.72 61.22 45.63 49.7162.38 54.31 58.33 42 73.71 75.23 65.66 55.76 45.62 63.28 57.65 48.90Mean ± SD = 46.00 ± 59.54 ± 61.92 ± 59.70 ± 63.445 ± 8.31 4.24 9.38 6.797.39

The data represented in Tables No. 1, 2 and 3 are plotted in FIGS. 2, 3,and 4, respectively, as shown in the drawings accompanied with thespecification.

CONCLUSION

Trans-beta-cryptoxanthin possesses significant anti-osteoporoticactivity in an OVX rat model. BCX-C (Paprika source) significantlyimproved mass and mechanical strength of bones in ovariectomized ratscompared to BCX-A (Marigold source) & B (Orange source).

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fullyreveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applyingknowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt forvarious applications such specific embodiments, without undueexperimentation, without departing from the general concept of thepresent invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications areintended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of thedisclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presentedherein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminologyherein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, suchthat the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is tobe interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings andguidance.

The breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited byany of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be definedonly in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

1-43. (canceled)
 44. A composition comprising beta-cryptoxanthinconcentrate derived from plant material, wherein said concentratecomprises at least about 10% by weight total xanthophylls, of which atleast about 75% by weight is trans-beta-cryptoxanthin.
 45. Thecomposition of claim 44, wherein the total xanthophylls compriseby-products selected from zeaxanthin, trans-capsanthin, beta-carotene,trace amounts of other carotenoids such as capsorubin or violaxanthin,and combinations thereof.
 46. The composition of claim 44, wherein thecomposition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable ingredientor a food grade ingredient.
 47. A method for the treatment ofrheumatoid, inflammatory arthritis, or bone diseases, comprisingadministering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effectiveamount of a beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate derived from plant material,wherein said concentrate comprises at least about 10% by weight totalxanthophylls, of which at least about 75% by weight istrans-beta-cryptoxanthin.
 48. A method for strengthening of bone,comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate derived from plantmaterial, wherein said concentrate comprises at least about 10% byweight total xanthophylls, of which at least about 75% by weight istrans-beta-cryptoxanthin.
 49. A method for inhibiting bone resorption,comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a beta-cryptoxanthin concentrate derived from plantmaterial, wherein said concentrate comprises at least about 10% byweight total xanthophylls, of which at least about 75% by weight istrans-beta-cryptoxanthin.
 50. The method of claim 47, wherein thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is administered in an amount from about0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.
 51. The method of claim 48, wherein thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is administered in an amount from about0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.
 52. The method of claim 49, wherein thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is administered in an amount from about0.0001 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg.
 53. The method of claim 47, wherein thecomposition is administered by oral, parenteral, subcutaneous,intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal, intracranial,or buccal administration.
 54. The method of claim 48, wherein thecomposition is administered by oral, parenteral, subcutaneous,intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal, intracranial,or buccal administration.
 55. The method of claim 49, wherein thecomposition is administered by oral, parenteral, subcutaneous,intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal, intracranial,or buccal administration.
 56. The method of claim 50, wherein thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is administered in an amount from about0.001 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg.
 57. The method of claim 51, wherein thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is administered in an amount from about0.001 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg.
 58. The method of claim 52, wherein thebeta-cryptoxanthin concentrate is administered in an amount from about0.001 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg.
 59. The composition of claim 44, whereinthe plant material is selected from the group consisting of fruits,vegetables, and mixtures thereof.
 60. The composition of claim 59,wherein the plant material is from a capsicum.
 61. The composition ofclaim 44, wherein the composition is in a dosage form selected frombeadlets, microencapsulated powders, oil suspensions, liquiddispersions, capsules, pellets, ointments, soft gel capsules, tablets,chewable tablets or lotions/liquid preparations.
 62. The composition ofclaim 44, wherein said composition is in a dietary supplement forprotection against the development of rheumatoid, inflammatoryarthritis.
 63. The composition of claim 46, wherein the pharmaceuticallyacceptable ingredient or food grade ingredient comprises a carrier, abinder, a stabilizer, an excipient, a diluent, a pH buffer, adisintegrator, a solubilizer, an isotonic agent, or a combinationthereof.